Cádiz Španjolska

Cádiz, grad, glavni grad i glavna morska luka provincije Cádiz u pokrajini Comunidad autónoma (autonomna zajednica) Andaluzija, jugozapadna Španjolska. Grad je smješten na dugom uskom poluotoku koji se proteže u zaljevu Kadiz (ušće Atlantskog oceana). Sa opsegom 6-9 milja (9,5 do 11 km), zatvorenim morem od kojeg je zaštićen zidinama, grad ima samo jedan izlaz na kopno.

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Koji je latinski naziv za Švicarsku?

Tradicionalno se smatra da su ga osnovali kao Gadir (što znači "ograđeni prostor") fenički trgovci iz Tira već od 1100. godine prije Krista, a okupirali su ga Kartažani oko 501 pne. Gradsko feničko porijeklo dano je otkrićima otkrića 1980. godine i ranijih feničanskih sarkofaga na dva odvojena nalazišta.

Po završetku Drugog pučkog rata grad se voljno predao Rimu i od tada se, kao Gades, neprestano povećavao u blagostanju. Rimsko kazalište, jedno od najstarijih i najbolje očuvanih u Španjolskoj, otkriveno je 1980. u predgrađu Pópulo. U 5. stoljeću grad su uništili visigoti. Mavrijska vladavina nad lukom, koja je preimenovana u Jazīrat Qādis, trajala je od 711. do 1262. godine, kada je Cádiz zarobio i obnovio Alfonso X iz Kastilje.

Njegov obnovljeni napredak datirao je otkrićem Amerike 1492. godine, kada je postalo sjedište flote španjolskih blaga. Tijekom 16. stoljeća odbio je niz racija od strane barbarskih korzara; 1587. godine svoju lučku plovidbu spalila je engleska eskadrila pod sirom Francisom Drakeom. Nakon što su ga Britanci blokirali (1797–98) i bombardirali (1800), Francuzi su ga opsjedali 1810–12, a za to vrijeme služio je kao glavni grad cijele Španjolske koji nije bio pod nadzorom Napoleona. Tamo se sastao Cortes (španjolski parlament) i donio poznati liberalni ustav iz ožujka 1812.

The loss of the Spanish colonies in the Americas dealt a blow to the trade of Cádiz from which it never recovered. Its decline was later accelerated by the disasters of the Spanish-American War of 1898 and by its antiquated harbour works. After 1900, considerable improvements were made in quayside construction, and recovery proceeded steadily. In the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) Cádiz fell to the Nationalists almost at once and served as an important port of entry for reinforcements from Spanish Morocco. In 1947 the city suffered great damage from the explosion of a naval arms store.

Industrial development is rather limited, but important naval and mercantile shipbuilding yards and various factories exist on the mainland (metalworking and food processing), and there are tuna fisheries off the coast. The city is primarily a commercial port, exporting wine (principally sherry from Jerez de la Frontera), salt, olives, figs, cork, and salted fish and importing coal, iron and machinery, timber, cereals, coffee, and other foodstuffs. Several shipping lines call there, and passenger traffic is important, mainly to the Canary Islands. A military airfield and a Spanish-U.S. air base, Rota, are nearby. Along the Bay of Cádiz, a metropolitan area has formed with a commercial centre.

Notable landmarks include the old cathedral, originally built by Alfonso X of Castile (1252–84) and rebuilt after 1596; and the Baroque cathedral, begun in 1722 and completed in 1838, where the composer Manuel de Falla (1876–1946) is buried and which holds a magnificent collection of art treasures. Other landmarks include San Sebastián and Santa Catalina castles, numerous museums, and the famous Torre de Vigía (100 feet [30 metres]), a signal tower in the centre of the city. Cádiz’s lively annual carnival, held the week leading up to Shrove Tuesday, includes processions, costumes, music, dancing, and contests. The celebration is modeled after the renowned carnivals of Venice, which had an active trade with Cádiz in the 16th century. Pop. (2007 est.) 128,554.